Gr may be poised for incorporation into such devices. Progress in brain-computer interfaces holds great promise for patients following stroke ( Ramos-Murguialday et al., 2013), to control prosthetic limbs ( Hochberg et al., 2006 Donoghue et al., 2007), with the motor degeneration characteristic of Parkinson’s disease ( Little et al., 2013), and for a variety of other disorders and diseases ( Chaudhary et al., 2016). Although these ideas may create questions as to ethics for neuroscience in the future, the current state-of-the-art for implanted devices is far more limited in scope. From Michael Chrichton’s tragic protagonist in The Terminal Man to the recent growth in start-up companies seeking to transfer consciousness, the fictive present and future call to mind visions of devices that enable neural interfacing and control. Graphene (Gr), the first true two-dimensional material to exist in isolation, is the type of new nanomaterial that results in interest for novel biomedical applications. The promises of nanomedicine are extensive. We discuss studies conducted in both non-murine and murine systems, and emphasize the preclinical aspect of graphene’s potential without undermining its tangible clinical implementation. As the biological effects of graphene are still an area of active investigation, we discuss recent development, with special focus on how surface coatings and surface properties of graphene are relevant to its biological effects. We then highlight graphene’s ever-widen utility and unique properties that may in the future be multiplexed for cross-modal modulation or interrogation of neuronal network.
We further discuss how graphene may be composited with other bio-compatible materials of interest to make novel hybrid complexes with desired characteristics for bio-interfacing. In this review, we provide a primer for how manufacturing processes to produce graphene and graphene oxide result in materials properties that may be tailored for a variety of applications. Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon crystal, has emerged as a promising material for sensing and modulating neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. 3The Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States.2Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.1Program in Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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